duchy of courland

On 18 November 1918, Latvia proclaimed its independence and on 7 December 1918, the German military handed over authority to the pro-German Latvian Provisional Government headed by Kārlis Ulmanis. Although nominally a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the dukes operated autonomously. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}56°56′54″N 24°05′09″E / 56.94833°N 24.08583°E / 56.94833; 24.08583, Map of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in Europe in 1918, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)&oldid=1002163302, States and territories established in 1918, States and territories disestablished in 1918, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The Duchy of Courland was absorbed on September 22, 1918 by the, This page was last edited on 23 January 2021, at 04:13. Following the February Revolution in Russia, the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia was created on 12 April 1917 (30 March Old Style) from the former Russian Governorate of Estonia and northern Governorate of Livonia. Duchy of Courland and Semigalliaball was born as a 2ball, later adopted by Baltsball, Livonian Orderball and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealthball.Courland was the smallest colonial power, as he had land in what is now The Gambia and Guyana. In 1609 he married Princess Sophie of Prussia-Brandenburg. Wilhelm II's unwillingness to become the Duke of Courland, coupled with the Reichstag's critique of initiatives to annex the occupied territories, could have dispirited the Baltic … Gotthard Kettler, the last Master of the Order of Livonia, became the first duke of Courland. The Latvian Provisional National Council was proclaimed on 16 November 1917. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania.It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland.. The landscape generally has a low and undulating character, with flat and marshy coastlands. [2], Kaiser Wilhelm recognised the creation of Courland, as a German vassal by writing to Courland's Landesrat on March 8, 1918 (in German):[citation needed]. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It was dependent from Grand duke of Lithuania, later from the king of Poland & Lithuania. During this period both colonies were taken by Dutch colonists, the merchant fleet and factories were destroyed. Jacob Kettler (German: Jakob von Kettler; 28 October 1610 1 January 1682) was a Baltic German Duke of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1641 1682). The Jelgava plain divides Courland into two parts, the western side, which is fertile and densely inhabited, except in the north, and the eastern side, less fertile and thinly inhabited. The Swedes, Russians, and Poles saw the weak Livonian State to satisfy their goals for territorial expansion and economics. It was engaged in manufacturing, producing metal, arms, ships and trading with the whole world. House of Kettler 1562-1737. The territory of the historic Duchy of Courland and Semigallia became part of Terra Mariana in the course of the conquest of the latter by the Brethren of the Sword in the 13th century. After World War I, Courland became a part of the newly formed nation of Latvia, November 18, 1918. Resonance. Period of success and prosperity in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia did not last long, just about a decade. Although nominally a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the dukes operated autonomously. It was proclaimed on 8 March 1918, in the German-occupied Courland Governorate by a Landesrat composed of Baltic Germans, who offered the crown of the once-autonomous Duchy to Kaiser Wilhelm II, despite the existence of a formerly sovereign reigning family in that duchy, the Biron descendants of Ernst Johann von Biron[citation needed]. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was the longest-surviving state in the territory of Latvia during the Early Modern age. Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP This article is about the early modern duchy. The Soviet Army occupied Latvia in conformity with the terms of 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on 17 June 1940. The promise of gain induced him to authorize wealthy Jews to settle there. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was briefly a client state of the German Empire. Its Duke, Jacob Kettler, turned the Duchy of Courland into a colonial superpower. He accepted baptism, and became a vassal of the pope. Although nominally a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the dukes operated autonomously. It lies between 55° 45′ and 57° 45′ North and 21° and 27° East. BM01142Am.jpg 307 × 480; 38 KB. On March 8, 1918 the local Baltic German-dominated Kurländischer Landtag (state diet), in Jelgava, proclaimed the reinstatement of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1562-1795. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was briefly a client state of the German Empire. The remainder of Courland is part of the planning regions of Riga and Semigallia (Zemgale). Its Duke, Jacob Kettler, turned the Duchy of Courland into a colonial superpower. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 to 1726 of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Sejm in 1726. On March 15 Wilhelm II proclaimed the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia a "free and sovereign state", but did not assume the title of the Duke of Courland. In 1558 the Duchy of Courland was established. 123 years had passed since it annexed by the Russian Empire. History. It was a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1562 to 1569 and from 1569 to 1726 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a semi-independent duchy that existed from 1561 until 1795, encompassing the areas of Courland and Semigallia. The Duchy of Courland became a focus of strategic interest for both Sweden and … It had its own empire.One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago. The German nobles owned the land and serfdom was the rule. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 to 1726 of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Sejm in 1726. Although nominally a vassal state of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the dukes operated autonomously. At the start of Operation Barbarossa in the summer of 1941, the German Wehrmacht's Army Group North headed by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb overran Courland, along with the rest of the Baltic littoral. Latvia eventually signed a cease-fire with Germany on 15 July 1920, and the Treaty of Riga of 11 August ended the war. The area comprises 27,286 km² (10,535 sq.mi. Courland is one of the historical and cultural regions of Latvia. Duchy of Courland. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Situated in western Latvia, Courland roughly corresponds to the former Latvian districts of Kuldīga, Liepāja, Saldus, Talsi, Tukums and Ventspils. Knight of the White Eagle. Although the German Reichstag supported national self-determination for the Baltic peoples, the German High Command continued the policy of attaching the Baltic to the Reich by relying on Baltic Germans. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes considered as part of Courland as they were formerly held by the same duke. The Brethren of the Sword, a German military order, subdued the Curonians and converted them to Christianity in the first quarter of the 13th century. 64,500 in 1897); Bauska (6,543); Jaunjelgava (Friedrichstadt) (5,223); Kuldīga (Goldingen) (9,733); Grobiņa (1,489); Aizpute (Hasenpoth) (3,338); Ilūkste (Illuxt) (2,340); Talsi (Talsen) (6,215); Tukums (Tuckum) (7542); and Ventspils (Windau) (7,132). The Livonian Confederation was a loosely organized confederation formed by the German-led Livonian Order and various bishoprics that encompassed much of present-day Estonia and Latvia. Although Courland is not an administrative entity today, the Courland (Kurzeme) Planning Region, with an area of 13,596 square kilometres (5,249 sq mi) and a population of 301,621 in 2008, includes much of the traditional region. Our government consists at the moment of the Duke of Courland and the Ducal Council which will reign as long as our government is in exile. Duke Wilhelm (July 20, 1574 – April 7, 1640, old style) was the youngest son of Duke Gotthard and Duchess Anna. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was proclaimed on 8 March 1918 by a Baltic German Landesrat, who offered the crown of the duchy to German Kaiser Wilhelm II. Flag of the United Baltic Duchy. Duchy of Courland. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region.It existed from 1562 through 1795. In the 18th century Russia acquired great influence over the Duchy. There was a small but vigorous Jewish population. In the 3rd Polish Partition of 1795, It was transformed into Courland Gubernia; Stift Pilten was annexed. After the last of the ducal line into which she had married died in 1737, she arranged for the Duchy to be given to her lover, Ernst Johann von Biron instead. The duchy was created in 1561 after the defeat of the Livonian Order during the Livonian War, when the Master of Livonian Order sought after the protection of the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. [2], After the Russian Revolution, German troops started advancing from Courland, and by the end of February 1918 the territories of the former Russian Governorate of Livonia and Autonomous Governorate of Estonia that had declared independence were also occupied and fell under the German military administration. Neither state, however, had any recognition other than by the German Empire. Courland remained part of the Latvian SSR within the Soviet Union following World War II. Duchy of Courland and Semigalliaball was born as a 2ball, later adopted by Baltsball, Livonian Orderball and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealthball.Courland was the smallest colonial power, as he had land in what is now The Gambia and Guyana. However, the duchy was absorbed on 22 September 1918 by the United Baltic Duchy. Katharina Friederike Wilhelmine Benigna (1781–1839), Princess of Courland, Duchess of Sagan, eldest daughter of last Duke, born 8 February 1781 in Mitau, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia; died 29 November 1839 in Vienna. The most crucial one was the Second Northern War between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that started in 1655. By this means, some occupants bought their farms, but the great mass of the population remained landless, and lived as hired labourers, occupying a low position in the social scale. In 1558 the Duchy of Courland was established. Life Kettler was born in Goldingen (Kuldîga). The large estates conducted agriculture with skill and scientific knowledge. After the German Revolution on 18 November 1918, Latvia proclaimed independence and on 7 December, the German military handed over authority to the Latvian national government headed by Kārlis Ulmanis.[2]. The region of Piltene, owned by the head of the Church of Courland, was regarded as the bishop's private property. The largest city is Liepāja, the third largest city in Latvia. Owing to its numerous lakes and marshes, Courland has a damp, often foggy, and changeable climate; its winters are severe. On 5 August 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the region along with the rest of Latvia which was made a constituent republic of the USSR, the Latvian SSR. Of the whole, 79% were Latvians, 8.4% Baltic Germans, about 8% Jews,[3] 1.4% Russians, 1% Lithuanians, 1% Poles, and some Livonians. With the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918 Bolshevist Russia accepted the loss of the Courland Governorate and by agreements concluded in Berlin on 27 August 1918 the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia and the Governorate of Livonia were severed from Russia.[2]. In 1935, Courland had an area of 13,210 square kilometres (5,099 sq mi) and a population of 292,659 making it the least populous of the provinces.[4]. The United Baltic Duchy was nominally recognized as a sovereign state[citation needed] by the Kaiser only on September 22, 1918, half a year after Soviet Russia had formally relinquished all authority over its former Imperial Baltic provinces to the German Empire in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It existed from 1228 to the 1560s, when it was dismembered during the Livonian Wars. In 1795, the last Duke, Peter von Biron, ceded the Duchy to the Russian Empire. The Duchy of Courland became a focus of strategic interest for both Sweden and Poland–Lithuania. Courland's elevation never rises more than 213 m (700 ft) above sea level. English: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in 1740. During World War I, German Armies had occupied the Courland Governorate of Russian Empire by the autumn of 1915. By January 1919, much of Courland had been overrun by the Bolsheviks' Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic but the provisional government with the aid of German forces pushed back and took back Courland by April. Mitau, the capital of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (now Jelgava, Latvia). However, some 200,000 German troops held out in Courland. When Gotthard Kettler died in 1587, his sons, Friedrichand Wilhelm, became the dukes of Courland. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania.It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland.. It was a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1562 to 1569 and from 1569 to 1726 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although the German Reichstag supported national self-determinationfor the Baltic peoples, the G… Bm02211am.jpg 314 × 480; 64 KB. In the 18th century Russia acquired great influence over the Duchy; the future Empress Anna of Russia served as regent there from 1711 until her accession the Russian throne in 1730. The Duchy of Courland and Semigalliaball was a vassal of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealthball.He also had colonies. Media in category "Duchy of Courland and Semigallia" The following 14 files are in this category, out of 14 total. The territory is merged with that of the Russian Kurzeme and Zemgale regions of Livonia. In 1641, JACOB KETTLER inherited the Duchy of Courland. Maria Amalia of Courland (387 words) no match in snippet view article find links to article Princess Maria Anna Amalia of Courland (12 June 1653 – 16 June 1711) was a landgravine of Hesse-Kassel through her marriage on 21 May 1673 to her first After annexation by the Russian Empire, the territory of the former Duchy formed the Courland Governorate. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia existed from 1561 as part of the Grand Duchy of Livonia, and later became a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, when Poland and Lithuania joined together. On 7 December 1918, the German Military handed over authority to the Latvian national government headed by Kārlis Ulmanis. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Courland region of Latvia that existed from 28 November 1561 to 28 March 1795 and from 3 March to 18 November 1918, with Jelgava serving as its capital. The Duchy was one of the smallest European nations to colonize overseas territories, establishing short-lived outp… Buy Duchy of Courland and Semigallia by (ISBN: 9786130686963) from Amazon's Book Store. Courland is one of the historical and cultural regions in western Latvia. The only seaports were Liepāja, Ventspils and Palanga, there being none on the Courland coast of the Gulf of Riga. Friedrich controlled the eastern part, Semigalia(Zemgale), with his residence in Mitau (Jelgava). 35,011 in 1897); Liepāja (Libau) (pop. The territories that comprised the Livonian Confederation in the Baltic region were militarily weak and losing appeal. The duke is happy enough to relinquish the title in return for rewards from Russia. Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, by the Union of Lublin, became a protectorate of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth(1569-1795). The duchy was formed after the Livonian Confederation was dissolved during the "Livonian Wars", and it was nominally a vassal state of Poland-Lithuania. Although it existed for just a short period – till 1582 – it quickly turned into a modern European state. Polski: Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii w 1740 roku. Pro-German forces were trying to reanimate a state-like body closely related to the German Empire. The region of Piltene, owned by the head of the Church of Courland, was regarded as the bishop's private property. Excellent breeds of cattle, sheep and pigs were kept. On the west it is bordered by the Baltic Sea, and on the south by Lithuania. This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 14:55. At this time the group consisted of the remnants of some 31 divisions. BM01147Am.jpg 300 × 480; 37 KB. In 1655 Swedish army entered territory of Duchy and the Swedish - Polish war (1655-1660) begun. With the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 3 March 1918, Russia's new Bolshevik government formally relinquished control of Courland to Germany. The majority of them never returned to Germany (Haupt, 1997). After World War I, Courland became one of five provinces of the newly formed nation of Latvia. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia had been created in 1561 by Gotthard Kettler, last master of the Livonian Order, and had been ruled by his descendants until the dynasty died out in 1737. Frederick III Wilhelm von Kettler (1692-1711), Duke of Courland and Semigallia from 1698. The duchy was formed after the Livonian Confederation was dissolved during the "Livonian Wars", and it was nominally a vassal state of Poland-Lithuania. Courland was no longer an administrative unit under the Soviets but an early Liepāja Oblast, one of three oblasts in Latvia, roughly corresponded to Courland. After the October Revolution, the elected Estonian Provincial Assembly declare… During World War I, the German Army had occupied the Courland Governorate of the Russian Empire by the autumn of 1915. After World War I, Courland became a part of the newly formed nation of Latvia, November 18, 1918. Territory expansion became the new buzzword. With their backs to the Baltic Sea, they remained trapped in what became known as the Courland Pocket, blockaded by the Red Army and by the Red Baltic Fleet. 75% of the population belonged to the prevailing denomination, Lutheranism; the rest belonged to the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Duchy of Courland was established in the 16th century as a duchy ruled by German nobility which descended from the times of the Order of Livonia but having a majority of Latvian population. Having already gained some military experience during the War of … Courland, also spelled Kurland, Latvian Kurzeme, region on the Baltic seacoast, located south of the Western Dvina River and named after its inhabitants, the Latvian tribe of Curonians (Kurs, Cori, Cours; Latvian: Kursi). The center of the Duchy of Courland was Mitau (Jelgava). The duchy of Courland, formed in 1561, included this area as well as Semigallia (Zemgale), a region located east of Courland proper. Agriculture was the chief occupation, with the principal crops being rye, barley, oats, wheat, flax, and potatoes. It was engaged in manufacturing, producing metal, arms, ships and trading with the whole world. After May 9, 1945, approximately 203,000 troops of Army Group Courland began to be moved to Soviet prison camps to the east. Photo: Library of Congress. Russian Governors of Courland AD 1795 - 1915. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was briefly a client state of the German Empire. In 1655 the Swedish army entered the territory of the Duchy and the Northern Wars (1655–1660) began. Wilhelm owned the western part, Courland (Kurzeme), with his residence in Goldingen (Kuldīga). (at1) Although nominally a vassal state, the dukes operated autonomously*… After loss of entitlement to dukedom, he … Liepāja and Jelgava operated as the principal industrial centres, with ironworks, agricultural machinery works, tanneries, glass and soap works. It was proclaimed on 8 March 1918, in the German-occupied Courland Governorate by a Landesrat composed of Baltic Germans, who offered the crown of the once-autonomous Duchy to Kaiser Wilhelm II, despite the existen He took the name of Jacob II, after the Duk… (at1) Although nominally a vassal state, the dukes operated autonomously*wI. From the time of the Northern Crusades in the early 13th century, most land was owned by nobles descended from the German invaders. Courland 1561-1641. On January 15, 1945, Army Group Courland (Heeresgruppe Kurland) formed under Colonel-General Dr. Lothar Rendulic. It was a fief of Veneda but had some autonomy. With large territories coming under the Ober Ost's administration as a result of military successes on the Eastern Front, General Erich Ludendorff was charged with managing the large area now under its jurisdiction. Wilhelm II. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia had been created in 1561 by Gotthard Kettler, last master of the Livonian Order, and had been ruled by his descendants until the dynasty died out in 1737. Courland (Latvian: Kurzemes), officially the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Latvian: Kurzemes un Zemgale hercogiste), is a country in the Baltic region of Eastern Europe.It is bordered to the north by Latvia, to the south by Lithuania and to the east by the Russia.The territory of Courland covers 27,286 sq km and it has a temperate seasonal climate. Apr 2, 2015 - Duchy of Courland and Semigallia - House of Biron Following Russia's Great Retreat of 1915, Courland came under control of the German Army's Ober Ost commander in the person of Paul von Hindenburg, a Prussian military hero. The largest city is Liepāja, the third largest city in Latvia. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was briefly a client state of the German Empire. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was briefly a client state of the German Empire. (The Russian authorities of the Courland Governorate were exiled to Tartu never to return.) Several objective reasons and circumstances led to downfall and loss of wealth and newly acquired colonies. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was proclaimed on 8 March 1918 by one such Landesrat composed of Baltic Germans, who offered the crown of the Duchy to Kaiser Wilhelm II. As Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a semi-independent duchy that existed from 1561 until 1795, encompassing the areas of Courland and Semigallia. 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